“He answered and said unto them, Because it is given unto you to know the mysteries of the kingdom of heaven–The word “mysteries” in Scripture is not used in its classical sense–of religious secrets, nor yet of things incomprehensible, or in their own nature difficult to be understood–but in the sense of things of purely divine revelation, and, usually, things darkly announced under the ancient economy, and during all that period darkly understood, but fully published under the Gospel (1Co 2:6-10; Eph 3:3-6, 8, 9). “The mysteries of the kingdom of heaven,” then, mean those glorious Gospel truths which at that time only the more advanced disciples could appreciate, and they but partially.
but to them it is not given–(See on Mt 11:25). Parables serve the double purpose of revealing and concealing; presenting “the mysteries of the kingdom” to those who know and relish them, though in never so small a degree, in a new and attractive light; but to those who are insensible to spiritual things yielding only, as so many tales, some temporary entertainment.

12. For whosoever hath–that is, keeps; as a thing which he values.
to him shall be given, and he shall have more abundance–He will be rewarded by an increase of what he so much prizes.
but whosoever hath not–who lets this go or lie unused, as a thing on which he sets no value.
from him shall be taken away even that he hath–or as it is in Luke (Lu 8:18), “what he seemeth to have,” or, thinketh he hath. This is a principle of immense importance, and, like other weighty sayings, appears to have been uttered by our Lord on more than one occasion, and in different connections. (See on Mt 25:9). As a great ethical principle, we see it in operation everywhere, under the general law of habit; in virtue of which moral principles become stronger by exercise, while by disuse, or the exercise of their contraries, they wax weaker, and at length expire. The same principle reigns in the intellectual world, and even in the animal–if not in the vegetable also–as the facts of physiology sufficiently prove. Here, however, it is viewed as a divine ordination, as a judicial retribution in continual operation under the divine administration.

13. Therefore speak I to them in parables–which our Lord, be it observed, did not begin to do till His miracles were malignantly ascribed to Satan.
because they seeing, see not–They “saw,” for the light shone on them as never light shone before; but they “saw not,” for they closed their eyes.
and hearing, they hear not; neither do they understand–They “heard,” for He taught them who “spake as never man spake”; but they “heard not,” for they took nothing in, apprehending not the soul-penetrating, life-giving words addressed to them. In Mark and Luke (Mr 4:12; Lu 8:10), what is here expressed as a human fact is represented as the fulfilment of a divine purpose–“that seeing they may see, and not perceive,” &c. The explanation of this lies in the statement of the foregoing verse–that, by a fixed law of the divine administration, the duty men voluntarily refuse to do, and in point of fact do not do, they at length become morally incapable of doing.

14. And in them is fulfilled–rather, “is fulfilling,” or “is receiving its fulfilment.”
the prophecy of Esaias, which saith– (Isa 6:9, 10 –here quoted according to the Septuagint).
By hearing ye shall hear, and shall not understand, &c.–They were thus judicially sealed up under the darkness and obduracy which they deliberately preferred to the light and healing which Jesus brought nigh to them.

16. But blessed are your eyes, for they see; and your cars, for they hear–that is, “Happy ye, whose eyes and ears, voluntarily and gladly opened, are drinking in the light divine.”

17. For verily I say unto you, That many prophets and righteous men have desired–rather, “coveted.”
to see those things which ye see, and have not seen them; and to hear those things which ye hear, and have not heard them–Not only were the disciples blessed above the blinded just spoken of, but favored above the most honored and the best that lived under the old economy, who had but glimpses of the things of the new kingdom, just sufficient to kindle in them desires not to be fulfilled to any in their day. In Lu 10:23, 24, where the same saying is repeated on the return of the Seventy–the words, instead of “many prophets and righteous men,” are “many prophets and kings”; for several of the Old Testament saints were kings.”